Feasibility of Goal-Directed Fluid Therapy in Patients with Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement - An Ambispective Analysis

ABSTRACT Introduction: Goal-directed fluid therapy (GDFT) has been shown to reduce postoperative complications. The feasibility of GDFT in transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) patients under general anesthesia has not yet been demonstrated. We examined whether GDFT could be applied in patients undergoing TAVR in general anesthesia and its impact on outcomes. Methods: Forty consecutive TAVR patients in the prospective intervention group with GDFT were compared to 40 retrospective TAVR patients without GDFT. Inclusion criteria were age ≥ 18 years, elective TAVR in general anesthesia, no participation in another interventional study. Exclusion criteria were lack of ability to consent study participation, pregnant or nursing patients, emergency procedures, preinterventional decubitus, tissue and/or extremity ischemia, peripheral arterial occlusive disease grade IV, atrial fibrillation or other severe heart rhythm disorder, necessity of usage of intra-aortic balloon pump. Stroke volume and stroke volume variation were determined with uncalibrated pulse contour analysis and optimized according to a predefined algorithm using 250 ml of hydroxyethyl starch. Results: Stroke volume could be increased by applying GDFT. The intervention group received more colloids and fewer crystalloids than control group. Total volume replacement did not differ. The incidence of overall complications as well as intensive care unit and hospital length of stay were comparable between both groups. GDFT was associated with a reduced incidence of delirium. Duration of anesthesia was shorter in the intervention group. Duration of the interventional procedure did not differ. Conclusion: GDFT in the intervention group was associated with a reduced incidence of postinterventional delirium.

Intracellular and extracellular water content with carbohydrate-loading diets / Contenido de agua intracelular y extracelular con dietas de carga de carbohidratos / Conteúdo de água intracelular e extracelular com dietas de carregamento de carboidratos

ABSTRACT Introduction: In prolonged physical activities, water replacement and muscle glycogen content are limiting factors in marathon runners. Carbohydrate-loading (CHO) in the days prior to endurance competition is a commonly employed method to optimise muscle glycogen stores and optimise exercise performance. Since each gram of muscle glycogen binds ∼2.7-4 grams of water, water retention may occur during carbohydrate-loading diets. Objective: To evaluate differences between CHO loading strategies (Bergström and Sherman) on intracellular (ICW) and extracellular (ECW) water content. Methods: Twenty-three runners were randomly allocated to two interventions (Bergström and Sherman) in a crossover design. Participants underwent a baseline evaluation before 3 days of glycogen depletion followed by 3 days of carbohydrate loading with a washout of 30 days consisting of normal diet and training. Multifrequency bioimpedance (BIS) was used to assess ICW and ECW at Baseline, Post-depletion and Post-CHO to determine any differences between Bergström and Sherman protocols. Blood samples were also obtained to assess potassium levels. Associations between ICW and ECW and muscle glycogen were determined. Results: There were no differences in ICW or ECW content between the two interventions at any moment. There was an effect of time for ICW, with an increase from Post-depletion to Post-CHO without any difference between interventions. Plasma potassium decreased from Baseline to Post-depletion in both conditions. There was no difference in muscle glycogen content between interventions or moments. Conclusion: There were no differences in ICW and ECW content between the Bergström and Sherman interventions at any moment. Level of Evidence I; Tests of Previously Developed Diagnostic Criteria.

RESUMEN Introducción: En actividades físicas prolongadas, la reposición de agua y el glucógeno muscular son factores limitantes en los corredores de maratón. La carga de carbohidratos (CHO) en los días previos a la competencia de resistencia es un método empleado para optimizar las reservas de glucógeno muscular y el rendimiento del ejercicio. Cómo cada gramo de glucógeno muscular se une a ≈ 2,7 a 4 gramos de agua, puede producirse retención de agua durante las dietas ricas en carbohidratos. Objetivo: Evaluar las diferencias entre las estrategias de carga de carbohidratos (Bergström y Sherman) en el contenido de agua intracelular (AIC) o extracelular (AEC). Métodos: Veintitrés corredores fueron asignados aleatoriamente a dos intervenciones (Bergström y Sherman) en un diseño cruzado. Los participantes se sometieron a una evaluación inicial antes de los 3 días de agotamiento del glucógeno, seguido de 3 días de carga de carbohidratos con un tiempo de "washout" de 30 días que consistía en una dieta y entrenamiento normales. Se utilizó bioimpedancia multifrecuencia (BIS) para evaluar AIC y AEC al inicio, después del agotamiento y después de CHO para determinar cualquier diferencia entre las dos intervenciones. También se obtuvieron muestras de sangre para evaluar el potasio. Se determinaron asociaciones entre AIC, AEC y glucógeno muscular. Resultados: No hubo diferencias en el contenido de AIC o AEC entre las dos intervenciones en ningún momento. Hubo un efecto de tiempo para AIC, con un aumento desde Post-agotamiento hasta Post-CHO sin ninguna diferencia entre las intervenciones. El potasio plasmático disminuyó entre el inicio y el post-agotamiento en ambas condiciones. No hubo diferencia en el contenido de glucógeno muscular entre las intervenciones o momentos. Conclusión: No hubo diferencias en el contenido de AIC y AEC entre las dos intervenciones en ningún momento. Nivel de Evidencia I; Pruebas de Criterios Diagnóstico Desarrollados Previamente.

RESUMO Introdução: Em atividades físicas prolongadas a reposição hídrica e o conteúdo de glicogênio muscular são fatores limitantes em corredores de maratonas. O carregamento de carboidrato (CHO) nos dias anteriores à competição de resistência é um método comumente empregado para otimizar os estoques de glicogênio muscular e o desempenho no exercício. Uma vez que cada grama de glicogênio muscular liga-se a ≈2,7 a 4 gramas de água, a retenção hídrica pode ocorrer durante dietas de carregamento de carboidrato. Objetivo: Avaliar diferenças entre as estratégias de carregamento de carboidratos (Bergström e Sherman) no teor de água intracelular (AIC) ou água extracelular (AEC). Métodos: Vinte e três corredores foram alocados aleatoriamente para duas intervenções (Bergström e Sherman) num delineamento em "crossover". Os participantes foram submetidos a uma avaliação inicial antes dos 3 dias de depleção de glicogênio, seguidos por 3 dias de carga de carboidratos com tempo de "washout" de 30 dias consistindo em dieta e treinamento normais. Utilizou-se a bioimpedância multifrequencial (BIS) para avaliar AIC e AEC na Etapa Inicial, Pós-depleção e Pós-CHO para determinar quaisquer diferenças entre os protocolos de Bersgstrom e Sherman. Também foram obtidas coletas de sangue para avaliar o potássio. Foram determinadas associações entre AIC, AEC e glicogênio muscular. Resultados: Não houve diferenças no conteúdo de AIC ou AEC entre as duas intervenções em qualquer momento. Houve um efeito do tempo para AIC, com aumento da etapa Pós-depleção para Pós-CHO sem qualquer diferença entre as intervenções. O potássio plasmático diminuiu entre a Linha de base e Pós-depleção em ambas condições. Não houve diferença no conteúdo de glicogênio muscular entre intervenções ou momentos. Conclusão: Não houve diferenças no conteúdo de AIC e AEC entre as intervenções de Bergström e Sherman em qualquer momento. Nível de Evidência I; Testes de Critérios Diagnósticos Desenvolvidos Anteriormente.

Evaluación de la concordancia entre las variaciones de la velocidad pico aórtico y velocidad pico carotídeo con la ventilación mecánica en una población pediátrica sometida a cirugía electiva bajo anestesia general / Evaluation of the agreement between variations in aortic peak velocity and carotid peak velocity with mechanical ventilation in a pediatric population undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia

Introducción. La variación de la velocidad máxima aórtica con la ventilación mecánica (ΔVpeakAo) ha demostrado ser el mejor predictor de respuesta a volumen en pediatría. Existe evidencia en adultos de que la variación de velocidad máxima de flujo carotídeo (ΔVpeakCar) es predictor de respuesta a fluidos. Al momento es escasa la información sobre este índice en pediatría. Su beneficio se basa en la no-invasividad, y que para su medición no es necesaria la ecocardiografía ni el acceso al tórax del paciente. Objetivo. El objetivo general de este trabajo fue estudiar la correlación y la concordancia de ΔVpeakCar con ΔVpeakAo en una población pediátrica bajo ventilación mecánica. Metodología. Se incluyeron pacientes de 0 a 12 años. Se registraron flujos aórtico y carotídeos máximos y mínimos y se calculó ΔVpeakCar y ΔVpeakAo. Para analizar correlación y concordancia entre las variables se utilizó el test de Pearson, análisis de Bland-Altman y análisis de los 4-cuadrantes. Resultados. Se estudiaron 58 pacientes, 13 lactantes (menores 12 meses), 21 preescolares (12-60 meses) y 24 escolares (mayores a 60 meses). Se observó una correlación significativa entre ΔVpeakAo y ΔVpeakCar (r=0,85; p<0,05) con un coeficiente de determinación de r2=0,72. El análisis de Bland-Altman mostró un sesgo del 0,15% (IC95%, -0.7-1.0) con un límite de concordancia del -6,1 a 6,2%. La concordancia fue 85%, con un sesgo angular de 4,5°±31°. El análisis por subgrupos mostró un r2 de 0.89 en escolares, 0.56 en preescolares y 0.45 en lactantes. La concordancia fue de 100% en escolares, 95% en prescolares y 93% en lactantes. Discusión y conclusiones. El registro de ΔVpeakCar fue viable. Al analizar la capacidad de ΔVpeakCar de sustituir a ΔVpeakAo en el total de la muestra, no es buena La correlación y concordancia son mejores en escolares. Es necesario continuar estudiando este nuevo índice.

Introduction. The variation in maximum aortic velocity with mechanical ventilation (ΔVpeakAo) has proven to be the most effective predictor of fluid response in pediatrics. While there is evidence in adults that the variation in maximum carotid flow velocity (ΔVpeakCar) predicts fluid response, information on this index in pediatrics remains limited. Its advantage lies in its non-invasive nature, eliminating the need for echocardiography or thoracic access for recording. Objective. This study aims to examine the correlation and concordance between ΔVpeakCar and ΔVpeakAo in a pediatric population. Methodology. The study included patients aged 0 to 12 years. Maximum and minimum aortic and carotid flows were recorded, and ΔVpeakCar and ΔVpeakAo were calculated. Correlation and agreement between variables were analyzed using the Pearson test, Bland Altman analysis, and 4-quadrant analysis. Results. A total of 58 patients were studied, comprising 13 infants (under 12 months), 21 preschoolers (12-60 months), and 24 school-aged children (over 60 months). A significant correlation was observed between ΔVpeakAo and ΔVpeakCar (r=0.85; p<0.05) with a coefficient of determination, r²=0.72. The Bland-Altman analysis revealed a bias of 0.15% (95% CI, -0.7-1.0) with an agreement limit of -6.1% to 6.2%. The concordance rate was 85%, with an angular bias of 4.5°±31°. Subgroup analysis showed r² values of 0.89 in school-aged children, 0.56 in preschoolers, and 0.45 in infants. Concordance rates were 100% in school-aged children, 95% in preschoolers, and 93% in infants. Discussion and Conclusions. The measurement of ΔVpeakCar proved feasible. However, when considering its ability to replace ΔVpeakAo, the results are suboptimal. Correlation and concordance are stronger in school-aged children. Further investigation into this new index is warranted.

Impacts of SVV-guided goal-directed fluid therapy on intraoperative signs, intestinal barrier function and prognosis in patients undergoing laparoscopic radical rectal cancer surgery / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To investigate the impacts of stroke volume variation (SVV)-guided goal-directed fluid therapy on intraoperative signs, intestinal barrier function and prognosis in patients undergoing laparoscopic radical rectal cancer surgery.Methods:A total of 90 patients who underwent laparoscopic radical resection for rectal cancer in Peking University International Hospital from May 2020 to May 2022 were prospectively selected as subjects, and divided into SVV group (45 cases) and traditional infusion group (45 cases) by random number table method. The SVV group was given SVV-guided goal-directed fluid therapy, and the traditional infusion group was given central venous pressure (CVP)-guided goal-directed fluid therapy. The operation-related indicators (urine volume, crystalloid volume, colloid volume, total fluid volume, blood loss and operation time), intraoperative signs indicators[heart rate (HR), CVP, mean arterial pressure (MAP)], intestinal barrier function indicators [diamine oxidase (DAO), D-lactic acid], inflammatory factor levels [interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)], and the incidence of complications were compared between the two groups.Results:There was no significant difference in the urine volume, blood loss and operation time between the two groups (all P>0.05), while the crystalloid volume, colloid volume and total fluid volume in the SVV group were greatly lower than those in the traditional infusion group (all P<0.05). There was no significant difference in HR between the two groups at different time points ( P>0.05). Compared with T 0, CVP at T 1 in the two groups was significantly decreased (all P<0.05), and increased at T 2 and T 3 compared with T 1 (all P<0.05). There was no significant difference in MAP at different time points in the SVV group (all P>0.05). The MAP at T 1, T 2 and T 3 in the traditional infusion group was significantly lower than that at T 0 (all P<0.05), and the MAP at T 1, T 2 and T 3 in the SVV group was significantly higher than that in the traditional infusion group (all P<0.05). Compared with T 0, DAO and D-lactic acid levels were significantly increased at T 1, T 3, T 4 and T 5 in the two groups (all P<0.05), and DAO and D-lactic acid levels at T 1, T 3, T 4 and T 5 in the SVV group were significantly lower than those in the traditional infusion group (all P<0.05). Compared with T 0, serum IL-10 level in the two groups was significantly decreased at T 4 ( P<0.05), and serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels were significantly increased at T 4 (all P<0.05). The serum levels of IL-10, IL-6 and TNF-α in the SVV group at T 4 were significantly different from those in the traditional infusion group (all P<0.05). Compared with T 4, the serum levels of IL-10 at T 5 were significantly increased (all P<0.05), while the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly decreased (all P<0.05), but there was no statistical significance between the two groups (all P>0.05). The incidence of postoperative infection, anastomotic fistula, vomiting and nausea in SVV group (13.33%) was significantly lower than that in traditional infusion group (35.33%) ( P<0.05). Conclusions:SVV-guided goal-directed fluid therapy for patients undergoing laparoscopic radical rectal cancer can effectively stabilize intraoperative vital signs, reduce inflammation, improve intestinal barrier function, and improve prognosis.

Effect of stroke volume variation goal-directed fluid therapy on postoperative pulmonary complications after pediatric living donor liver transplantation / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effect of stroke volume variation(SVV) goal-directed fluid therapy on postoperative pulmonary complications(PPCs) after pediatric living donor liver transplantation.Methods:One hundred and twenty pediatric patients undergoing pediatric living-donor liver transplantation(all diagnosed with congenital biliary atresia) were divided into 2 groups( n=60 each) using the random number table method: control group and SVV group. Intraoperative fluid management was guided by central venous pressure and mean arterial pressure in control group, while by SVV combined with cardiac output in SVV group. Intraoperative circulation, fluid intake and usage of vasoactive drug were recorded. Central venous blood samples were collected to determine the concentrations of serum Clara cell 16 kDa protein, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha before anesthesia(T 0), at the end of anhepatic phase(T 1), at 3 h of neohepatic phase(T 2), at the end of surgery(T 3) and at 24 h after operation(T 4). Pulmonary ultrasonography was performed before surgery, at the end of surgery and at 1, 3 and 7 days after surgery. The pediatric patients were followed up for 1 week after surgery to record the PPCs, including acute lung injury, pulmonary infection, pulmonary atelectasis, pleural effusion and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Results:Compared with control group, the incidence of PPCs, acute lung injury and pulmonary infection was significantly decreased, the pulmonary ultrasound score was decreased at the end of surgery and at 1, 3 and 7 days after surgery, the usage of intraoperative dobutamine was increased, the duration of postreperfusion syndrome was shortened, the fluid intake and epinephrine usage were reduced, and the serum Clara cell 16 kDa protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 concentrations were decreased at T 1-T 4 in SVV group( P<0.05). Conclusions:SVV goal-directed fluid management can reduce the development of PPCs in pediatric living donor liver transplantation.

Who is the core of lung-kidney interaction in critical illness: anoxia, fluid, inflammatory factors? / 中国小儿急救医学

Acute kidney injury and acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome are common in the pediatric intensive care unit.Lung-kidney interaction in critically ill patients is closely related to anoxia, fluid management, and inflammatory response in acute kidney injury and acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome patients.Strengthening the understanding of lung-kidney interaction can help clinicians to systematically manage critically ill patients.

The clinical impact of the systolic volume variation guided intraoperative fluid administration regimen on surgical outcomes after pancreaticoduodenectomy: a retrospective cohort study

Abstract Background Pancreaticoduodenectomy is associated with high morbidity. Many preoperative variables are risk factors for postoperative complications, but they are primarily non-modifiable. It is not clear whether an intraoperative goal-directed fluid regimen might be associated with fewer postoperative surgical complications compared to current conservative, non-goal-directed fluid practices. We hypothesize that the use of Systolic Volume Variation (SVV)-guided intraoperative fluid administration might be beneficial. Methods Data from 223 patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy in our institution between 2015 and 2019 were reviewed. Patients were classified into two groups based on the use of intraoperative use of SVV to guide the administration of fluids. The decision to use SVV or not was made by the attending anesthesiologist. Subjects were classified into SVV-guided intraoperative fluid therapy (SVV group) and non-SVV-guided intraoperative fluid therapy (non-SVV group). Uni and multivariate regression analyses were conducted to determine if SVV-guided fluid therapy was significantly associated with a lower incidence of postoperative surgical complications, such as Postoperative Pancreatic Fistula (POPF), Delayed Gastric Emptying (DGE), among others, after adjusting for confounders. Results Baseline, demographic, and intraoperative characteristics were similar between SVV and non-SVV groups. In the multivariate analysis, the use of SVV guidance was significantly associated with fewer postoperative surgical complications (OR = 0.48; 95% CI 0.25-0.91; p= 0.025), even after adjusting for significant covariates, such as perioperative use of epidural, pancreatic gland parenchyma texture, and diameter of the pancreatic duct. Conclusions VV-guided intraoperative fluid administration might be associated with fewer postoperative surgical complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Fluid administration in cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy: neither too much nor too little

Abstract Introduction Intraoperative fluid therapy in cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy plays an important role in postoperative morbidity. Studies have found an association between overload fluid therapy and increased postoperative complications, advising restrictive intraoperative fluid therapy. Our objective in this study was to compare the morbidity associated with restrictive versus non-restrictive intraoperative fluid therapy. Methods Retrospective analysis of a database collected prospectively in the Anesthesiology Service of Virgen del Rocío Hospital, from December 2016 to April 2019. One hundred and six patients who underwent complete cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy were divided into two cohorts according to Fluid Therapy received 1. Restrictive ≤ 9 mL.kg-1.h-1 (34 patients), 2. Non-restrictive ≥ 9 mL.kg-1.h-1 (72 patients). Percentage of major complications (Clavien-Dindo grade III-IV) and length hospital stay were the main outcomes variables. Results Of the 106 enrolled patients, 68.9% were women; 46.2% had ovarian cancer, 35.84% colorectal cancer, and 7.5% peritoneal cancer. The average fluid administration rate was 11 ± 3.58 mL.kg-1.h-1. The restrictive group suffered a significantly higher percentage of Clavien-Dindo grade III-IV complications (35.29%) compared with the non-restrictive group (15.27%) (p= 0.02). The relative risk associated with restrictive therapy was 1.968 (95% confidence interval: 1.158-3.346). We also found a significant difference for hospital length of stay, 20.91 days in the restrictive group vs 16.19 days in the non-restrictive group (p= 0.038). Conclusions Intraoperative fluid therapy restriction below 9 mL.kg-1.h-1 in cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy was associated with a higher percentage of major postoperative complications.

Intraoperative fluid balance and cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury: a multicenter prospective study

Abstract Background Recent data suggest the regime of fluid therapy intraoperatively in patients undergoing major surgeries may interfere in patient outcomes. The development of postoperative Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) has been associated with both Restrictive Fluid Balance (RFB) and Liberal Fluid Balance (LFB) during non-cardiac surgery. In patients undergoing cardiac surgery, this influence remains unclear. The study objective was to evaluate the relationship between intraoperative RFB vs. LFB and the incidence of Cardiac-Surgery-Associated AKI (CSA-AKI) and major postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing on-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG). Methods This prospective, multicenter, observational cohort study was set at two high-complexity university hospitals in Brazil. Adult patients who required postoperative intensive care after undergoing elective on-pump CABG were allocated to two groups according to their intraoperative fluid strategy (RFB or LFB) with no intervention. Results The primary endpoint was CSA-AKI. The secondary outcomes were in-hospital mortality, cardiovascular complications, ICU Length of Stay (ICU-LOS), and Hospital LOS (H-LOS). After propensity score matching, 180 patients remained in each group. There was no difference in risk of CSA-AKI between the two groups (RR = 1.15; 95% CI, 0.85-1.56, p= 0.36). The in-hospital mortality, H-LOS and cardiovascular complications were higher in the LFB group. ICU-LOS was not significantly different between the two groups. ROCcurve analysis determined a fluid balance above 2500 mL to accurately predict in-hospital mortality. Conclusion Patients undergoing on-pump CABG with LFB when compared with patients with RFB present similar CSA-AKI rates and ICU-LOS, but higher in-hospital mortality, cardiovascular complications, and H-LOS.

Administración de fluidos a pacientes graves y su relación con la mortalidad / Fluids administration to seriously ill patients and its relationship with mortality

Introducción: La administración de fluidos constituye uno de los pilares de tratamiento en pacientes que ingresan en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos, en quienes la reanimación inadecuada y la sobrecarga de volumen empeoran el pronóstico. Objetivo: Caracterizar el estado de la administración de fluidos a pacientes ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital General Docente Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola de Ciego de Ávila y su relación con la mortalidad. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo analítico y prospectivo de 147 pacientes ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital General Docente Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola de Ciego de Ávila durante el primer semestre de 2020, para lo cual se evaluaron 598 pruebas de fluidos, algunas variables hemodinámicas y el balance de líquidos en las primeras 72 horas del ingreso. Resultados: El promedio de edad fue de 48,3 años, predominaron las mujeres (55,8 %), la puntuación de APACHE II al ingreso resultó ser de 14,2 puntos y fallecieron 22,4 % de los afectados. Para administrar fluidos prevaleció el criterio clínico (57,2%); mientras que la presión venosa central, la frecuencia cardíaca, la presión arterial media y la diuresis fueron similares en vivos y fallecidos. El balance acumulado de fluidos fue significativamente superior en el grupo de pacientes fallecidos (1984,70 mL vs 260mL). Conclusiones: Los cambios en los parámetros vitales después de administrar fluidos no fueron útiles para evaluar la respuesta al volumen. El balance acumulado de fluidos se relacionó de forma significativa con la mortalidad.

Introduction: Fluids administration constitutes one of the treatment pillars in patients admitted to Intensive Care Unit in which the inadequate reanimation and overload of volume worsen the prognosis. Objective: To characterize the state of fluid administration to patients admitted to the Intensive Cares Units of Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola Teaching General Hospital in Ciego de Ávila and its relationship with mortality. Methods: An analytic and prospective descriptive study of 147 patients admitted to the Intensive Cares Units of Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola Teaching General Hospital was carried out in Ciego de Ávila during the first semester of 2020, for which 598 tests of fluids, some hemodynamic variables and the balance of liquids were evaluated in the first 72 hours of admission. Results: The average age was 48.3 years, there was a prevalence of women (55.8 %), the punctuation of APACHE II at admission was 14.2 points and 22.4 % of those affected died. To administer fluids the clinical approach prevailed (57.2 %); while the central venous pressure, heart frequency, the mean arterial pressure and diuresis were similar in alive and dead patients. The accumulated balance of fluids was significantly higher in the group of dead patients (1984.70 mL vs 260 mL). Conclusions: The changes in the vital parameters after administering fluids were not useful to evaluate the response to the volume. The accumulated balance of fluids was related to mortality in a significant way.

Crisis suprarrenal: prevención, corticoterapia y elección del fármaco, revisión de la evidencia actual y recomendaciones / Adrenal crisis: prevention, corticotherapy and choice of the drug, review of current evidence and recommendations

INTRODUCCIÓN. La crisis suprarrenal se refiere a la insuficiencia suprarrenal aguda; la cual es un trastorno en el que la corteza adrenal no produce suficientes hormonas esteroides (en especial cortisol) para satisfacer las demandas del cuerpo, de acuerdo al mecanismo fisiopatológico se la puede clasificar como primaria, secundaria y terciaria, siendo más común en pacientes con insuficiencia suprarrenal primaria. Es una emergencia potencialmente mortal que requiere tratamiento inmediato. OBJETIVO. Establecer una estrategia de prevención y tratamiento de la crisis suprarrenal, así como la farmacoterapia ideal y sus alternativas válidas. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en varias revistas virtuales de alto carácter científico como Cochrane Library, Cochrane Systematic Reviews Database, MEDLINE a través de PubMed y ClinicalTrial.gov. Se seleccionaron revisiones sistemáticas con o sin metaanálisis, ensayos clínicos y recomendaciones de expertos relacionados con prevención y tratamiento de crisis suprarrenal en general. RESULTADOS. Se obtuvieron 1819 resultados, de los cuales se seleccionaron 20 artículos con mayor validez y replicabilidad en el medio para establecer un protocolo unificado de actuación. CONCLUSIÓN. El objetivo de la terapia es el tratamiento de la hipotensión y reversión de las anomalías electrolíticas y de la deficiencia de cortisol. Se deben infundir por vía intravenosa grandes volúmenes (1 a 3 litros) de solución salina al 0,9% o dextrosa al 5% en solución salina al 0,9% y la administración de hidrocortisona (bolo de 100 mg), seguido de 50 mg cada 6 horas (o 200 mg / 24 horas como infusión continua durante las primeras 24 horas). Si no se dispone de hidrocortisona, las alternativas incluyen prednisolona, prednisona y dexametasona.

INTRODUCTION. Adrenal crisis refers to acute adrenal insufficiency; which is a disorder in which the adrenal cortex does not produce enough steroid hormones (especially cortisol) to meet the body's demands, according to the pathophysiological mechanism it can be classified as primary, secondary and tertiary, being more common in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency. It is a life-threatening emergency that requires immediate treatment. OBJECTIVE. To establish a strategy for the prevention and treatment of adrenal crisis, as well as the ideal pharmacotherapy and its valid alternatives. MATERIAL AND METHODS. A literature review was performed in several highly scientific virtual journals such as Cochrane Library, Cochrane Systematic Reviews Database, MEDLINE through PubMed and ClinicalTrial.gov. Systematic reviews with or without meta-analysis, clinical trials and expert recommendations related to prevention and treatment of adrenal crisis in general were selected. RESULTS. A total of 1819 results were obtained, from which 20 articles with greater validity and replicability in the setting were selected to establish a unified protocol for action. CONCLUSIONS. The aim of therapy is the treatment of hypotension and reversal of electrolyte abnormalities and cortisol deficiency. Large volumes (1 to 3 liters) of 0.9% saline or 5% dextrose in 0.9% saline and administration of hydrocortisone (100 mg bolus), followed by 50 mg every 6 hours (or 200 mg / 24 hours as a continuous infusion for the first 24 hours) should be infused intravenously. If hydrocortisone is not available, alternatives include prednisolone, prednisone, and dexamethasone.

Avaliação de soluções eletrolíticas e vias da administração sobre o teor de umidade das fezes de equinos desidratados experimentalmente / Evaluation of electrolyte solutions and administration routes on the moisture content of feces of experimentally dehydrated horses

A ocorrência de processos fisiopatológicos que cursam com desidratação da ingesta no trato gastrointestinal dos equinos é comum na rotina clínica. Fatores como diminuição da motilidade intestinal e sobrecarga intraluminal de conteúdo desidratado podem levar a compactação em segmentos como estômago, ceco e cólons. Este estudo objetivou realizar a comparação entre soluções eletrolíticas enterais hipotônica (SeHIPO) e isotônica (SeISO) e a solução Ringer com lactato de sódio (RL IV) sobre o teor de umidade das fezes de equinos submetidos a um período de desidratação experimental (PD). Foram utilizados seis equinos adultos, todas fêmeas com idades entre 10 e 15 anos, média de 440 kg de peso corpóreo. O PD constou de 36 horas de jejum hídrico e alimentar associadas a duas administrações intravenosas de furosemida, sendo a primeira imediatamente no início (T-36) e a segunda 12 horas após o início do PD. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: SeHIPO e SeISO, ambas administradas por via nasogástrica em fluxo contínuo (HETfc), e RL IV administrada pela via intravenosa. Todos os tratamentos foram administrados a uma taxa de infusão contínua de 15mL kg-1 h-1 durante 8 horas consecutivas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o crossover6x3, onde cada animal foi submetido, em sistema de rodízio, aos três tratamentos em momentos distintos. As soluções eletrolíticas enterais demonstraram maior eficácia na recomposição do teor de umidade das fezes quando comparadas à terapia RL IV. A hidratação enteral com soluções isotônicas e hipotônicas administrada em fluxo contínuo são eficazes em restaurar o teor de umidade das fezes, podendo ofertar uma opção econômica, segura e eficiente na reidratação de pacientes e nas afecções que cursam como obstruções intraluminais simples.

The occurrence of pathophysiological processes that curse with digesta dryness in the gastrointestinal tract of horses is common in clinical routine, factors such as decreased intestinal motility and intraluminal overload of dry content can lead to compaction in segments such as cecum and colon. This study aimed to compare a hypotonic enteral solution (SeHIPO), an isotonic enteral solution (SeISO) and a Ringer with sodium lactate solution (RL IV) over the moisture content of equine feces submitted to an experimental dehydration protocol. Six adult horses were used, all females aged between 10 and 15 years, average body weight of 440 kg. The PD consisted of a 36 hours period of water and food fasting associated with two intravenous administrations of furosemide, the first immediately at the beginning (T-36) and the second 12 hours after the beginning of the PD. The treatments used were: SeHIPO (hypotonic enteral solution administered via nasogastric), SeISO (enteral isotonic solution administered via nasogastric) and RL IV (Ringer's solution with sodium lactate administered intravenously), all treatments were administered by continuous infusion at a rate of 15mL kg-1 h-1 for 8 consecutive hours. The experimental design used was the 6x3 crossover, where each animal is submitted, in a rotation system, to the three treatments at different times. Enteral fluid therapy with isotonic and hypotonic solutions administered in continuous flow are effective in restoring the moisture content of feces, and may offer an economical, safe, and efficient option for rehydrating patients and in conditions that progress as simple intraluminal obstructions.

Advantages and application of restricted fluid therapy after resection of esophageal carcinoma / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#The incidence of complications after radical resection of esophageal carcinoma is high up to about 20%-50%. The incidence of pneumonia, pleural effusion, tracheal intubation, anastomotic fistula and cardiac events is relatively high. Among them, pulmonary complications are the most common complications after esophageal cancer operation and cause the most perioperative deaths. Among the factors that influence the occurrence of postoperative complications of esophageal cancer, the amount of fluid infusion during and after the operation is closely related to the occurrence of postoperative complications. Moreover, in the environment of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS), it is more important to optimize the postoperative fluid management of esophageal cancer. Restricted fluid therapy plays a more and more important role in patients undergoing esophagectomy. This review integrated the relevant research results and discussed the advantages of the restricted fluid therapy compared with other fluid therapy, how to control the restricted infusion volume and infusion speed and how to monitor and evaluate the infusion process and the selection of infusion types, so as to provide reference for clinical practice test.

Application of methoxyamine combined with target guided fluid in elderly patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of methoxyamine combined with target guided fluid in elderly patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy.Methods:90 elderly patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy were randomly divided into methoxyamine group and control group, with 45 cases in each group. The patients in both groups were treated with intravenous inhalation combined anesthesia. The stroke volume variation (SVV) was maintained at 7%-10% and the central venous pressure (CVP) was 4-8 cmH 2O. In methoxyamine group, 3 μg/(kg·min) methoxyamine was continuously pumped, while the control group was pumped with the same amount of normal saline at the same speed. The intraoperative infusion volume, urine volume, bleeding volume, blood transfusion cases, intraoperative mean arterial pressure, heart rate, blood gas analysis results, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), creatinine, urea nitrogen level and postoperative exhaust time were compared between the two groups. Results:Compared with the control group, the patients in methoxyamine group had less infusion volume, urine volume, lower postoperative BNP level and heart rate, shorter postoperative exhaust time (all P<0.05), and higher mean arterial pressure ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in blood loss, blood transfusion cases, PaO 2, PaCO 2, pH, creatinine and urea nitrogen between the two groups (all P>0.05). In addition, the number of patients in the methoxyamine group who used pressor drugs was less than that in the control group ( P<0.05), and the frequency of bradycardia was more than that in the control group ( P<0.05). The proportion of tachycardia and urapidil was similar in the two groups (all P>0.05). Conclusions:Methoxyamine combined with target guided fluid therapy can reduce the intraoperative infusion volume of pancreaticoduodenectomy in elderly patients, stabilize circulation, shorten postoperative exhaust time, and contribute to the recovery of gastrointestinal function.

Early fluid therapy guided by optimal urine output threshold in patients with acute pancreatitis / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective:To investigate the urine output threshold of acute kidney injury in patients with acute pancreatitis(AP) and to guide early fluid therapy.Methods:The clinical data of AP patients from Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care Ⅳ (MIMIC-Ⅳ) were collected. The 24-h urine output rate [24-h urine output·kg-1·24-h-1, 24-UR mL/ (kg·h) ] and 48-h urine output rate [48-h urine output·kg-1·48-h-1, 48-UR mL/ (kg·h) ] were calculated, and according to the occurrence of acute kidney injury within 7 days (7-AKI), AP patients were divided into the 7-AKI group and non-7-AKI group. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to evaluate the predictive value of 24-UR and 48-UR on 7-AKI in AP patients. 24-UR and 48-UR were grouped according to the optimal cut-off value obtained from the ROC curve. Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors of 7-AKI, and Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival curve was drawn to analyze the effect of 24-UR and 48-UR on in-hospital mortality of AP patients.Results:A total of 713 AP patients were included, ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 24-UR in predicting 7-AKI in AP patients was 0.76. Based on the maximum Youden index, the cut-off value of 24-UR was 0.795 mL/ (kg·h) , and the AUC of 48-UR was 0.78 and the cut-off value of 48-UR was 0.975 mL/ (kg·h) . Logistic regression analysis showed that 24-UR≤0.795 mL/ (kg·h) was an independent risk factor for 7-AKI compared with 24-UR>0.795 mL/ (kg·h) ( OR: 4.22, 95% CI:1.50-11.85, P=0.006). Similarly, compared with 48-UR>0.975 mL/ (kg·h) , 48-UR0.975 mL/ (kg·h) was an independent risk factor for 7-AKI ( OR: 3.75, 95% CI: 1.45-9.72, P=0.007). The KM survival curve showed that the cumulative in-hospital survival rate in the high 24-UR group was higher than that in the low 24-UR group. Conclusions:24-UR can be used to guide early fluid therapy in AP patients.

Effect of goal-directed fluid therapy based on stroke volume variation guidance on splanchnic perfusion in elderly patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery: evaluation using gastric mucosal pH value / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effect of goal-directed fluid therapy (GDFT) based on stroke volume variation (SVV) guidance on splanchnic perfusion using gastric mucosal pH (pHi) value in elderly patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery.Methods:One hundred and sixty elderly patients of either sex, aged 65-80 yr, of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅱ or Ⅲ, undergoing elective lumbar spine surgery under general anesthesia, were selected and divided into 2 groups ( n=80 each) using a random number table method: SVV-guided GDFT group (group G) and conventional fluid therapy group (group C). GDFT was performed with SVV<15% as the target in group G, while conventional fluid infusion was performed under the guidance of mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure and urine volume in group C. Intraoperative amount of crystalloid solution infused, amount of colloid solution infused, total volume of fluid infused, amount of bleeding, urine volume, use of vasoactive drugs and perioperative blood transfusion were recorded in both groups.Cardiac index, SVV, pHi, gastric intramucosal partial pressure of CO 2 (PgCO 2), PaCO 2 and results of arterial blood gas analysis were also recorded before induction of anesthesia (T 1), at 1 h after the start of surgery (T 2) and at the end of surgery (T 3). The postoperative complications, time to first flatus, time to defecation and duration of hospital stay were also recorded in both groups. Results:Compared with group C, the amount of intraoperative crystalloid solution infused, total volume of fluid infused, urine volume and requirement for vasoactive drugs were significantly decreased, the amount of colloid solution infused was increased, cardiac index and pHi value were increased at T 2, 3, and SVV, Pg-aCO 2 and arterial blood lactic acid concentrations were decreased ( P<0.05), and no significant changes were found in the intraoperative amount of bleeding, arterial blood pH value, PaCO 2 and base excess, incidence of postoperative complications, time to first flatus, time to defecation and duration of hospital stay in group G ( P>0.05). Conclusions:GDFT based on SVV guidance is superior to traditional fluid therapy in improving splanchnic perfusion in elderly patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery.

Hidratación en el síndrome urémico hemolítico / Hydration in hemolytic uremic syndrome

El síndrome urémico hemolítico asociado a diarrea es precedido por una gastroenteritis por Escherichia coli productora de toxina Shiga. Se recomiendan medidas de sostén, especialmente, la restricción hídrica para evitar la sobrecarga cardiopulmonar. Sin embargo, la expansión de volumen con líquidos isotónicos, en el período prodrómico o síndrome urémico hemolítico establecido, es segura y eficaz, reduce los requerimientos de diálisis, los días de internación y de terapia intensiva, los eventos neurológicos y la hiponatremia.Por ello, se propone, bajo supervisión nefrológica y/o garantizando el acceso a un centro de alta complejidad a corto plazo, hidratar a todo paciente sin signos de sobrecarga cardiopulmonar, independientemente de su función renal, con expansión inicial de volumen. Luego, si se logra una diuresis adecuada, no dializarlo (excepto que presente un trastorno metabólico/electrolítico intratable médicamente) y continuar la hidratación con una solución isotónica de dextrosa al 5 % para una adecuada hidratación y diuresis.

Diarrhea-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome is preceded by gastroenteritis due to Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Support measures are recommended, specifically, fluid restriction to avoid cardiopulmonary overload. However, in the prodromal period or with established hemolytic uremic syndrome, volume expansion with isotonic fluids is safe and effective, and reduces the need for dialysis, the length of hospital and intensive care stay, neurological events, and hyponatremia.Therefore, when nephrological monitoring is available and/or short-term access to a tertiary care hospital is guaranteed, it is suggested to hydrate patients with no signs of cardiopulmonary overload, regardless of their renal function, with initial volume expansion. Afterwards, if an adequate urine output is achieved, the patient should not be dialyzed (except if they have a medically intractable metabolic/electrolyte disorder) and hydration should be continued with an isotonic solution containing 5 % dextrose for adequate hydration and urine output.

Fluid balance during taekwondo training / Equilíbrio hídrico durante treinamento de taekwondo / Equilibrio hídrico durante entrenamiento de taekwondo

ABSTRACT Introduction Dehydration has been described as one of the main factors of reduced performance in combat sports activities, leading to death in extreme cases. Objective To investigate the pre-training hydration status and changes in fluid homeostasis during two taekwondo training sessions. Methods Eighteen male college athletes (age 22.6 ± 3.37 years) were assessed. The study design aimed to reproduce the conditions of a 90-minute taekwondo training session, divided into three stages: a) warm-up exercises (20 min); b) poomsae (30 min) and c) technical training (40 min). The athletes had ad libitum water intake during training. To assess the hydration status we considered body mass (BM), the amount of liquid consumed and urine output, which enabled us to establish absolute and relative fluid loss in kg and percentage as well as the sweating rate. We also considered urine specific gravity (USG), urine color (U-COL), and subjective sensation of thirst (Sthirst) before and after the training session. Pre- and post-training results were compared separately in each session and between sessions. Results There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in pre-training BM between the two days of training. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the final BM on both days of the experiment. Most subjects had relative dehydration below 2%. A significant difference (P<0.05) was recorded pre and post training for U-COL and Sthirst, with the highest rates obtained at the end of each session. Participants always started training at a low dehydration status (USG >1,020g.ml-1). Conclusions The athletes tended to start the training sessions in dehydration status, which increases over the course of the training. Ad libitum water intake was not sufficient to balance fluid loss. Changes in fluid levels between sessions were similar. Level of Evidence II; Therapeutic Studies Investigating the Results Level of Treatment.

RESUMO Introdução A desidratação tem sido descrita como um dos principais fatores de redução de desempenho em atividades de luta, levando, em casos extremos, à morte. Objetivos Investigar o estado da hidratação antes do treino e as alterações no balanço hídrico corporal durante dois treinamentos de taekwondo. Métodos Foram avaliados 18 atletas universitários do sexo masculino (22,6 ± 3,37 anos). O desenho do estudo procurou reproduzir uma condição de treinamento de taekwondo com duração de 90 minutos, dividido em três etapas: a) aquecimento (20 min.), b) poomsae (30 min.) e c) treino técnico (40 min.). Durante o treino, adotou-se o consumo de água ad libitum. Para avaliar o estado de hidratação, considerou-se a massa corporal (MC), a quantidade de líquido consumido e o volume de urina produzido, o que permitiu estabelecer a perda hídrica absoluta e relativa em kg e porcentagem, além da taxa de sudorese. Foi considerada ainda a gravidade específica da urina (GEU), bem como sua coloração (COL-U), além da sensação subjetiva de sede (SSede) antes e depois do treino. Os resultados antes e depois do treino foram comparados de forma isolada em cada sessão, assim como entre as sessões. Resultados Houve diferença significativa (P < 0,05) da MC pré-treinamento entre os dois dias de treino. Houve redução significativa (P < 0,05) da MC final em ambos os dias de experimento. A maior parte dos avaliados apresentou desidratação relativa inferior a 2%. Registrou-se diferença significativa (P < 0,05) antes e depois do treino para COL-U e para SSede, com os maiores índices obtidos ao final de cada sessão. Os participantes sempre iniciaram o comparados de forma isolada em cada sessão, assim como entre as sessões. Resultados Houve diferença significativa (P < 0,05) da MC pré-treinamento entre os dois dias de treino. Houve redução significativa (P < 0,05) da MC final em ambos os dias de experimento. A maior parte dos avaliados apresentou desidratação relativa inferior a 2%. Registrou-se diferença significativa (P < 0,05) antes e depois do treino para COL-U e para SSede, com os maiores índices obtidos ao final de cada sessão. Os participantes sempre iniciaram o treinamento em leve estado de desidratação (GEU > 1.020 g.ml-1). Conclusões Os atletas tendem a iniciar os treinamentos em estado de desidratação, que se amplia durante o treino. O consumo de líquidos ad libitum não foi suficiente para equilibrar a perda hídrica. As alterações hídricas entre as sessões foram semelhantes. Nível de Evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos- Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción La deshidratación ha sido descrita como uno de los principales factores de reducción del desempeño en actividades de lucha, llevando, en casos extremos, a la muerte. Objetivos Investigar el estado de la hidratación antes del entrenamiento y las alteraciones en el balance hídrico corporal durante dos entrenamientos de taekwondo. Métodos Se evaluaron 18 atletas universitarios del sexo masculino (22,6 ± 3,37 años). El diseño del estudio intentó reproducir una condición de entrenamiento de taekwondo con duración de 90 minutos, dividido en tres etapas: a) calentamiento (20 min); b) poomsae (30 min); y c) entrenamiento técnico (40 min). Durante el entrenamiento, se adoptó el consumo de agua ad libitum. Para evaluar el estado de hidratación, se consideró la masa corporal (MC), la cantidad de líquido consumido y el volumen de orina producido, lo que permitió establecer la pérdida hídrica absoluta y relativa en kg y porcentaje, además de la tasa de sudoración. Fue considerada además la gravedad específica de la orina (GEO), así como su coloración (COL-O), además de la sensación subjetiva de sed (SSed), antes y después del entrenamiento. Los resultados antes y después del entrenamiento fueron comparados de forma aislada en cada sesión, así como entre las sesiones. Resultados Hubo diferencia significativa (P<0,05) de la MC preentrenamiento entre los dos días de entrenamiento. Hubo reducción significativa (P<0,05) de la MC final en ambos días de experimento. La mayor parte de los evaluados presentó deshidratación relativa inferior a 2%. Se registró diferencia significativa (P<0,05) antes y después del entrenamiento para COL-O y para SSed, con los mayores índices obtenidos al final de cada sesión. Los participantes siempre iniciaron el entrenamiento en leve estado de deshidratación (GEO > 1.020 g.ml-1). Conclusiones Los atletas tienden a iniciar los entrenamientos en estado de deshidratación, que se amplía durante el entrenamiento. El consumo de líquidos ad libitum no fue suficiente para equilibrar la pérdida hídrica. Las alteraciones hídricas entre las sesiones fueron semejantes. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Iatrogenic alkalosis in goats with the use of intravenous electrolyte solution containing 84 mEq/L of lactate / Alcalose iatrogênica em cabras após infusão intravenosa de solução eletrolítica contendo 84mEq/L de lactato

ABSTRACT: This study investigated the alkalinizing potential of an intravenous polyionic solution containing 84 mEq/L of lactate on hydroelectrolyte and acid-base balances in healthy goats.Four solutions, containing 28 and 84 mEq/L of lactate (L28 and L84) or bicarbonate (B28 and B84), were formulated. Six healthy Saanen goats were used. All four solutions were infused intravenously in each animal, one at a time, with an interval of 4-5 days between the infusions, at a speed of 33.3 mL/kg/h and totaling a volume equivalent to 10% of their body weight, in 3 h of continuous administration. Samples of venous blood and urine were collected at 0h (start of the infusion), 1.5h (middle of the infusion), 3h (end of the infusion), and 4.5h, 6h, and 24 h from the start of the infusion. The laboratory tests includeddetermination of blood pH, pCO2,HCO3 -, base excess (BE), Na+, K+, Cl-, total plasmatic protein, L-lactate, and creatinine. In urine samples, pH, Na+, K+, Cl-, L-lactate, and creatinine were measured. The L28 solution, equivalent to lactated Ringer's solution, caused a slight increase in the alkaline reserve and did not change the electrolyte balance. The L84 solution resulted in a greater increase in the alkaline reserve, equivalent to the B84 solution, with return to baseline values within 24 h from the start of the infusion.The L84 solution proved to be safe and produced iatrogenic alkalization when infused into healthy goats, without causing side effects.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o potencial alcalinizante de uma solução poli-iônica intravenosa contendo 84mEq/L de lactato no equilíbrio hidroeletrolítico e ácido base de cabras saudáveis. Quatro soluções contendo 28 e 84 mEq/L de lactato (L28 e L84) ou bicarbonato (B28 e B84) foram formuladas. Seis cabras, adultas, da raça Saanen, saudáveis receberam as quatro soluções por via intravenosa, uma de cada vez, com intervalo de quatro a cinco dias entre as infusões, a velocidade de 33,3 ml/kg/h, totalizando um volume equivalente a 10% do seu peso corporal, em três horas de administração contínua. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue venoso e urina antes do início da infusão (0h), na metade (1,5h), no fim (3h) e às 4,5h, 6h e 24h após o início da infusão. Os exames laboratoriais consistiram na determinação do pH sanguíneo, pCO2, HCO3 -, BE, Na+, K+, Cl-, proteína plasmática total, lactato L e creatinina. Nas amostras de urina foram medidos o pH, Na+, K+, Cl-, lactato L e creatinina. A solução L28, equivalente à solução de Ringer com lactato, causou um aumento leve na reserva alcalina e não alterou o equilíbrio eletrolítico. A solução L84 resultou em maior aumento da reserva alcalina, equivalente à solução B84, com retorno dos parâmetros avaliados aos valores basais em até 24 horas após o início da infusão. A solução L84 provou-se segura e produziu alcalose iatrogência em cabras sadias, sem causar qualquer efeito colateral.